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Tables 3 and 4 show the results of two regression analyses. The results indicated there are no music listening style variables that have any statistically significant effect on the test score difference for either the classical or the popular music listening condition. CONTST has a statistically significant effect on the two dependent variables. This may indicate that people who perform w ell in math also perform well studying math under background music conditions.

Table 3

Regression Analysis for CLASTST Regressed on the Music Listening Style Scores for Classical Music and CONTST

Table 4

Regression Analysis for POPTST Regressed on the Music Listening Siyle Scores for Popular Music and CONTST

A t-test was used to analyze the differences among the test score means for CLASTST, POPTST, and CONTST. Table 5 presents the comparison of math test score means and their corresponding t-tests. The t-test revealed no statistically significant differences among the three testing conditions. One may assume that the presence of either classical or popular background music had no effect on the subjects' math test performance.

Table 5

Comparison of Math Test Score Means

Table 6 presents the results of the post-hoc procedure where the variables YC ("When I study, listening to classical music interferes with my concentration") and YP ("When I study, listening to popular music interferes with my concentration") were coded 1 for a yes and 0 for a no response. 33% of the respondents indicated that classical music interferes with their studying, while 43% of the subjects indicated that popular music interferes with their studying. The variables CLASTST and POPTST were then regressed on YC and YP respectively, Controlling for CONTST . The variables YC and YP also had no statistically significant effect on, or correlation with, CLASTST and POPTST respectively. Also, the various independent variables were tested for interactions and curvilinearity, revealing no statistically significant results as illustrated in Table 7.

Table 6

Post Hoc Results of the Effects of Students' Preferences for Study with Music on Math Test Scores

Dependent Variable = POPTST

Dependent Variable = CLASTST

Table 7

Correlation Coefficients of Classical and Popular Music Listening Styles

p <.05

Conclusions and Discussion